Rev Neuroscience
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Intracerebral transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue is a potential treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease for whom medical management is unsatisfactory. Neural transplantation for parkinsonism has been studied experimentally in animal models of Parkinson's disease for more than two decades. These animal studies have shown significant graft survival, synapse formation, graft induced-dopamine release, and behavioural recovery in transplanted animals. ⋯ The effects of intrastriatal, intranigral, intrasubthalamic nucleus, and intrapallidal grafts in animal models of Parkinson's disease are analysed. The current data suggest that intrastriatal grafts alone are inadequate to promote complete functional recovery. A multiple target strategy may restore dopaminergic input to affected basal ganglia nuclei and improve outcomes of neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease.
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Review Comparative Study
Information processes in the primate prefrontal cortex in relation to working memory processes.
Working memory is a mechanism for short-term active storage of information as well as for processing stored information. Although evidence for neuronal mechanisms of temporary storage of information has accumulated for the prefrontal cortex, little is known about neuronal mechanisms for processing information. To understand how information is processed by prefrontal neurons, we first need to know what information is represented by single-neuron activity, and then examine how information represented by single-neuron activity or a population of activities changes along the temporal sequence of the trial. ⋯ Using two kinds of oculomotor delayed-response tasks, we first identified what information each task-related activity represents. Then, using population vector analysis, we could not only visualize information represented by a population of prefrontal activities, but also demonstrate the temporal change of information represented by a population of prefrontal activities. These attempts are important to understand information processes for working memory.