Revista brasileira de anestesiologia
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Rev Bras Anestesiol · Mar 2019
Review Case Reports[Negative pressure pulmonary edema: report of case series and review of the literature].
Negative pressure pulmonary edema occurs by increased intrathoracic negative pressure following inspiration against obstructed upper airway. The pressure generated is transmitted to the pulmonary capillaries and exceeds the pressure of hydrostatic equilibrium, causing fluid extravasation into the pulmonary parenchyma and alveoli. In anesthesiology, common situations such as laryngospasm and upper airway obstruction can trigger this complication, which presents considerable morbidity and requires immediate diagnosis and propaedeutics. Upper airway patency, noninvasive ventilation with positive pressure, supplemental oxygen and, if necessary, reintubation with mechanical ventilation are the basis of therapy. ⋯ The anesthesiologists should prevent the patient from perform a forced inspiration against closed glottis, in addition to being able to recognize and treat cases of negative pressure pulmonary edema.
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Rev Bras Anestesiol · Mar 2019
[Should maternal anesthesia delay breastfeeding? A systematic review of the literature].
The importance and benefits of breastfeeding for the babies and mothers are well established and documented in the literature. However, it is frequent that lactating mothers need to undergo general or spinal anesthesia and, due to the lack of information, many of them interrupt breastfeeding after anesthesia. There are limited data available regarding anesthetics transfer to breast milk. This review aims to develop some considerations and recommendations based on available literature. ⋯ Most of the anesthetic drugs are safe for nursing mothers and offer low risk to the breastfed neonates when administered in single-dose. However, high-dose and repeated administration of drugs significantly increase the risk of adverse effects on neonates. Moreover, diazepam and meperidine should be avoided in nursing women. Finally, anesthesiologists and pediatricians should consider individual risk/benefit, with special attention to premature neonates or babies with concurrent diseases since they are more susceptible to adverse effects.
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Rev Bras Anestesiol · Nov 2018
Review[Anesthetic management of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke: Influences on outcome and complications].
The emerging use of endovascular therapies for acute ischemic stroke, like intra-arterial thrombectomy, compels a better understanding of the anesthetic management required and its impact in global outcomes. This article reviews the available data on the anesthetic management of endovascular treatment, comparing general anesthesia with conscious sedation, the most used modalities, in terms of anesthetic induction and procedure duration, patient mobility, occlusion location, hemodynamic parameters, outcome and safety; it also focuses on the state-of-the-art on physiologic and pharmacologic neuroprotection. ⋯ General anesthesia and conscious sedation are both safe alternatives for anesthetic management of patients submitted to endovascular thrombectomy. No anesthetic management is universally recommended and hopefully the ongoing randomized clinical trials will shed some light on the best approach; meanwhile, the choice of anesthesia should be based on the patient's individual characteristics. Regarding neuroprotection, hemodynamic stability is currently the most important strategy, as no pharmacological method has been proven effective in humans.
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Rev Bras Anestesiol · May 2017
Meta Analysis[Perioperative gabapentin and pregabalin in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis].
Sternotomy for cardiac surgeries causes significant postoperative pain and when not properly managed may cause significant morbidity. As neuropathic pain is a significant component here, gabapentin and pregabalin may be effective in these patients and may reduce postoperative opioid consumption. The purpose of this systematic review was to find out efficacy of gabapentin and pregabalin in acute postoperative pain after cardiac surgery. ⋯ Despite lower pain scores in the postoperative period, there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of gabapentin and pregabalin to reduce opioid consumption in the cardiac surgical patients.
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Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially lethal pharmacogenetic disorder that affects genetically predisposed individuals. It manifests in susceptible individuals in response to exposure to Inhalant anesthetics, depolarizing muscle relaxants or extreme physical activity in hot environments. During exposure to these triggering agents, there is a rapid and sustained increase of myoplasmic calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration induced by hyperactivation of ryanodine receptor of skeletal muscle (RyR1), causing a profound change in Ca(2+) homeostasis, featuring a hypermetabolic state. ⋯ Actually, the standard method for diagnosing MH susceptibility is the muscle contracture test for exposure to halothane-caffeine (CHCT) and the only treatment is the use of dantrolene. However, with advances in molecular genetics, a full understanding of the disease etiology may be provided, favoring the development of an accurate diagnosis, less invasive, with DNA test, and also will provide the development of new therapeutic strategies for treatment of MH. Thus, this brief review aims to integrate molecular and clinical aspects of MH, gathering input for a better understanding of this channelopathy.