Articles: lower-extremity-innervation.
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Potentially, functional electrical stimulation (FES)-assisted exercise may have an important therapeutic role in reducing comorbidities associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we present an overview of these secondary life-threatening conditions, discuss the rationale behind the development of a hybrid exercise called FES rowing, and describe our experience in developing FES rowing technology. FES rowing and sculling are unique forms of adaptive rowing for those with SCI. ⋯ FES rowers, with SCI, have competed alongside non-SCI rowers over the Olympic distance of 2000 m at the British Indoor Rowing Championships in 2004, 2005, and 2006 and the World Indoor Rowing Championships in 2006 (CRASH-B's) in Boston, MA, USA. The best 2000 m FES rowing performance to date has been achieved by a 23-year-old male, Tom Aggar T12 AIS A, in 10 min 28 s. Moreover, two of our FES rowers with complete paraplegia have gone on to successfully compete in the Adaptive Rowing arms-only category (AM1x) at the World Rowing Championships and Paralympic Games.
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Peripheral nerve pathology can be detected on high-resolution MRI on the basis of primary or secondary findings. Primary findings of nerve pathology include alterations in signal, course, and caliber; secondary findings include skeletal muscle denervation. ⋯ This article discusses the benefits of 3D MRI with respect to lower limb neuropathies. The article also reviews the normal anatomy of the nerves in the lower extremity from the hip joint to the foot, and it illustrates common causes and the imaging appearance of lower limb peripheral neuropathy.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2014
ReviewHigh-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the lower extremity nerves.
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the nerves, commonly known as MR neurography is increasingly being used as noninvasive means of diagnosing peripheral nerve disease. High-resolution imaging protocols aimed at imaging the nerves of the hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot can demonstrate traumatic or iatrogenic injury, tumorlike lesions, or entrapment of the nerves, causing a potential loss of motor and sensory function in the affected area. A thorough understanding of normal MR imaging and gross anatomy, as well as MR findings in the presence of peripheral neuropathies will aid in accurate diagnosis and ultimately help guide clinical management.
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Peripheral nerve injuries of the lower extremity (LE) are frequently encountered in orthopaedic practice. They can be traumatic or iatrogenic. ⋯ This paper reviews and discusses the basic anatomy and physiology of nerve injury and the current literature on the incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management and outcomes of sciatic, femoral, peroneal, and tibial nerve injuries. The purpose of this review is to suggest a protocol for evaluation and management of LE nerve injuries.
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Peripheral nerve block is well suited for distal extremity surgery. Blocking the nerves at the distal extremity is easily done. It does not require ultrasound or stimulators to identify the nerve. ⋯ The distal nerves in the lower extremity are sensory branches of the sciatic nerve. This provides a sensory block only. This has the advantage of allowing the patient to actively contract tendons in the foot and ambulate more quickly after surgery.