Articles: obstetric-forceps-adverse-effects.
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To determine rates and risk factors for third and fourth degree perineal tears (severe perineal trauma) in a Western Australian context. ⋯ Parity differences in risk factors such as episiotomy, infant weight, OP delivery, gestational diabetes and prolonged second stage warrant investigation into clinical management. Although rates differ internationally, and replication evidence has confirmed consistency for certain demographic and obstetric factors, the development of internationally endorsed clinical guidelines and further research around interventions to protect the perineum are recommended.
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Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol · Dec 2011
Four-dimensional sonographic evaluation of avulsion of the levator ani according to delivery mode.
To determine the frequency of avulsion of the levator ani muscle in primiparous women according to delivery mode, using introital four-dimensional ultrasonography. ⋯ Forceps delivery is associated with an increased rate of avulsion of the puborectalis component of the levator ani muscle. The effect of forceps use is independent of other delivery-related variables.