Articles: analgesia.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · May 2000
Antagonism of antinociception produced by intrathecal clonidine by ketorolac in the rat: the role of the opioid system.
The management of severe pain may require "balanced analgesia," involving the use of analgesics with different modes of action. Clonidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor agonist produces analgesia by itself as well as when given with morphine and local anesthetics. Ketorolac is indicated for the management of moderately severe acute pain and causes analgesia equivalent to morphine. ⋯ The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone antagonized the antinociceptive effect of clonidine and ketorolac, indicating the involvement of the opioid system in the antinociception produced by clonidine or ketorolac. However, neither clonidine nor ketorolac (10(-8) to 10(-3) M) inhibited the binding of specific ligands to mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors, indicating a lack of direct interaction of clonidine and ketorolac with opioid receptors. These results suggest that intrathecal injection of ketorolac antagonizes the antinociception produced by clonidine.
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · May 2000
Comment Letter Clinical TrialTreatment of pain from vertebral compression fractures caused by osteoporosis.
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Comment Letter Comparative Study
Speed of onset of regional analgesia in labour: a comparison of the epidural and spinal routes.