Articles: disease.
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Metformin (Met), a first-line management for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been expansively employed and studied with results indicating its therapeutic potential extending beyond glycemic control. Beyond its established role, this therapeutic drug demonstrates a broad spectrum of action encompassing over 60 disorders, encompassing metabolic conditions, inflammatory disorders, carcinomas, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrovascular pathologies. ⋯ This manuscript proffers a comprehensive thematic review of the diseases amenable to Met treatment, elucidates their molecular mechanisms, and employs informatics technology to prospect future therapeutic applications of Met. These data and insights gleaned considerably contribute to enriching our understanding and appreciation of Met's far-reaching clinical potential and therapeutic applicability.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of liver cancer globally, poses a substantial health burden. Influenced by risk factors such as hepatitis B or C virus infections, chronic consumption of alcohol, and metabolic dysfunction, its exact etiology likely involves a complex interplay between viral infection, hepatocyte mutations, and chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, and demographic variables like sex, race, and age. ⋯ Treatment options for HCC encompass liver resection, transplantation, transarterial chemoembolization, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Despite therapeutic advances, treating advanced HCC remains challenging, emphasizing the need for continued efforts in prevention, early detection, and development of treatments to improve prognosis and long-term survival.
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Avascular necrosis of femoral head (AVNFH) is a debilitating disease of the young, affecting the quality of life significantly and eventually leading to total hip replacement surgery. The disease is diagnosed clinico-radiologically and MRI is the investigation of choice to diagnose the early stages of the disease. There is neither an early biomarker for detection nor is there a permanent cure for the disease and most of the patients are managed with various combinations of surgical and medical management protocols. ⋯ The cell types involved include mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial and immune cells. Biochemical, hematological, histopathology, IHC, and other bone remodeling and degradation marker studies have been performed. A systems analysis using multi-omic data sets from published literature was carried out, the relevance of which is discussed to delineate potential mechanisms in etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and effective management of this debilitating disease.
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Lymphedema is a progressive disease with no known cure. Characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid and subsequent swelling in the affected limbs, it often poses significant challenges to those living with it. Although various conservative treatments have been used to manage lymphedema, such as compression therapy and physical rehabilitation, surgical interventions have emerged as promising avenues for more substantial relief. ⋯ This review article explores the use of different lymphovenous shunts such as lymphatic implantation, lymph node-to-vein anastomoses (LNVAs), dermal-adipose lymphatic flap venous wrapping (DALF-VW), and supermicrosurgical lymphovenous anastomoses (LVAs) as treatment modalities for lymphedema. We will discuss the underlying principles, indications, techniques, and potential benefits. By examining the current state of knowledge and ongoing research in the field, we aim to provide insights into the role of lymphovenous shunts in the comprehensive management of lymphedema and shed light on the prospects for this treatment option.