Articles: child.
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Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a recently developed high resolution 3-dimensional gradient-echo pulse sequence that accentuates the magnetic susceptibility of blood, calcium, and nonheme iron. The clinical applications of SWI in pediatric neuroimaging have significantly expanded recently. Potential pitfalls related to blood oxygenation, blood flow, magnetic field strength, and misinterpretation of localization as well as possible mimickers may be misleading and affect the correct interpretation of SWI images. Familiarity with these potential diagnostic pitfalls is important to prevent misdiagnosis and will further enhance the ability of SWI in becoming a robust and reliable technique.
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Several experimental and clinical studies suggest that drugs used in pediatric anesthesia may exert undesirable effects on the developing central nervous system. The objective of this review was to assess the results and conclusions of published studies on long lasting neurodevelopment disorders following exposure to anesthetics in children in a phase of brain immaturity. ⋯ Because of the numerous limitations of the few studies available, the reported results are still deemed insufficient to change current clinical practice. However, although it is undisputable that anesthesia should be provided when needed, regardless of age, the warnings found in literature are worrisome, therefore whenever surgery is unavoidable in small children, alternatives that may help reduce the risks of anesthetic exposure should be sought.
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · May 2014
Review[Invasive emergency techniques - decompression of the pleura].
On-scene invasive emergency procedures, such as cricothyroidotomy, chest drain, intraosseous puncture or even on-field-amputation, are often unavoidable, when indicated, and present a major challenge for the emergency physician. Personal, temporal or local conditions are often unsuitable. ⋯ This article presents the use of decompression of the pleura on adults and children, with reference to indication, implementation, problems and risks. It is the second part of a series of four articles on the subject of invasive emergency techniques.
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · May 2014
Review[Preventive vaccinations for medical personnel].
Vaccinations are among the most efficient and important preventive medical procedures. Modern vaccines are well tolerated. In Germany there are no longer laws for mandatory vaccinations, either for the general public or for medical personnel. ⋯ Whereas vaccinations in childhood are generally considered to be a matter of course, the willingness to accept them decreases markedly with increasing age. In the medical sector vaccinations against, for example, hepatitis B are well accepted while other vaccinations against, for example, whooping cough or influenza are not considered to be so important. The fact that vaccinations, besides offering protection for the medical personnel, may also serve to protect the patients entrusted to medical care from nosocomial infections is often ignored.
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Review Meta Analysis
Sex differences in experimental pain among healthy children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sex differences in response to experimental pain are commonly reported in systematic reviews in the adult literature. The objective of the present research was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in healthy children's responses to experimental pain (e.g., cold pressor, heat pain, pressure pain) and, where possible, to conduct analyses separately for children and adolescents. A search was conducted of electronic databases for published papers in English of empirical research using experimental pain tasks to examine pain-related outcomes in healthy boys and girls between 0 and 18 years of age. ⋯ However, the meta-analysis of available combined data found that girls reported significantly higher cold pressor pain intensity compared to boys in studies where the mean age of participants was greater than 12 years. Additionally, a meta-analysis of heat pain found that boys had significantly higher tolerance than girls overall, and boys had significantly higher heat pain threshold than girls in studies where the mean age of participants was 12 years or younger. These findings suggest that developmental stage may be relevant for understanding sex differences in pain.