Articles: pain-measurement.
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J Pain Symptom Manage · Aug 1990
New method for measuring young children's self-report of fear and pain.
The purposes of this paper are (a) to describe the conceptual development of the Children's Global Rating Scale (CGRS), a technique for measuring young children's self-report of such constructs as pain and fear that was designed to address the methodological limitations of existing techniques, and (b) to report the findings of a study investigating the convergent and predictive validity of the CGRS in a sample of children undergoing an invasive medical procedure. Anticipatory procedural distress in 145 children between the ages of 4 and 8 was assessed in outpatient phlebotomy using three independent rating sources: children, parents, and a trained clinical observer. Phlebotomists' ratings as to whether or not children's distress during the actual procedure extended the time it usually takes to perform the procedure was used as the outcome criterion in a discriminate analysis in determining the degree to which anticipatory ratings would predict actual clinical distress during the medical procedure. Results provide preliminary support for the convergent and predictive validity of the CGRS revealing significant correlations with the other independent measures of children's anticipatory distress and also revealed that the CGRS was one of the significant variables in predicting children who extended and did not extend the medical procedure.
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Comparative Study
Reliability of pain scales in the assessment of literate and illiterate patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The assessment of a measure of chronic pain, should be reliable, valid and sensitive to change. Our study evaluated the reliability of 3 pain scales, visual analogue scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS) and verbal rating scale (VRS) in literate and illiterate patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients with RA attending an outpatient rheumatology clinic were interviewed and asked to score their pain levels on the 3 pain scales. ⋯ Ninety-one patients were studied (25 illiterate and 66 literate). The Pearson product moment correlation between first and second assessment was 0.937 for VAS, 0.963 for NRS and 0.901 for VRS in the literate patient group and 0.712 for VAS, 0.947 for NRS and 0.820 for VRS in the illiterate patient group. These results indicate that the NRS has the higher reliability in both groups of patients.
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Comparative Study
A comparison of adolescents' and nurses' postoperative pain ratings and perceptions.
To examine the relationship between adolescents' subjective and nurses' objective pain ratings and their perceptions of each other's evaluation. ⋯ The relationship between patients' and nurses' pain assessment was moderate. Adolescents perceived that nurses' know how much pain they were experiencing. Nurses expected adolescents to rate pain higher than the nurses themselves would rate it.
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This study examined the relationship of pain drawings to somatization in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Sixty-nine adult patients with SCD completed a pain drawing in which they shaded in areas of the body in which they experienced pain and also completed the symptom checklist (SCL) 90-R as an index of psychological distress. ⋯ The results suggest that health care professionals who treat SCD patients need to consider pain patterns. In individuals with pain patterns atypical for SCD, the psychological status of the patient may need to be evaluated to facilitate optimal pain management.