Articles: operative.
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Arrhythmias resulting in cardiac arrest during electroconvulsive therapy have been reported. Most reported cases of cardiac arrest had asystole as the initial rhythm. Pulseless electrical activity as an initial rhythm of cardiac arrest during electroconvulsive therapy has never been reported. Also, thromboembolism after inflation of pneumatic tourniquet during lower limb surgery has been reported but never following tourniquet inflation during an electroconvulsive therapy. ⋯ We recommend that patients who are elderly and at high risk of thromboembolism should selectively undergo a preoperative doppler ultrasound for deep venous thrombosis. Also, selective application of tourniquet in the upper limb, to monitor for seizure activity, would reduce the incidence of pulmonary thrombo-embolism as embolic events are significantly less from deep venous thromboses of upper extremities when compared to lower extremities.
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In this review, the most recent and relevant developments in the field of emergence agitation in children, as related to its assessment, etiology, and management, are discussed. ⋯ It is recommended that children at high risk are identified in order to decrease their level of preoperative anxiety, to supplement low-solubility inhalational agents with adjuvant drugs, to prevent postoperative pain and to allow parents to be with their children during recovery from anesthesia.