Articles: acetaminophen.
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Acetaminophen (APAP), an antipyretic/analgesic drug, is reported to cause toxicity on overdose. Dietary supplements are currently being explored to decrease toxicity. In the present study, the protective effect of probiotic Enterococcus lactis IITRHR1 was evaluated at different doses (10(7), 10(8), and 10(9) colony-forming units) against APAP-induced liver damage. ⋯ Probiotic strain E. lactis IITRHR1 was found to have antioxidant capacity and afforded protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating antioxidant status, pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins, caspases, and DNA damage.
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Inflammation may critically affect mechanisms of liver injury in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Kupffer cells (KC) play important roles in inflammation, and KC depletion confers protection at early time points after APAP treatment but can lead to more severe injury at a later time point. It is possible that some inflammatory factors might contribute to liver damage at an early injurious phase but facilitate liver regeneration at a late time point. Therefore, we tested this hypothesis by using ethyl pyruvate (EP), an anti-inflammatory agent, to treat APAP overdose for 24-48 hours. ⋯ Inflammation likely contributes to liver damage at an early injurious phase but improves hepatocyte regeneration at a late time point, and prolonged anti-inflammation therapy at a late phase is not beneficial.
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The present study examined effects of caffeine on antinociception by acetaminophen in the formalin test in mice. It demonstrates that caffeine 10mg/kg inhibits antinociception produced by acetaminophen 300 mg/kg i.p. against phase 2 flinches. Chronic administration of caffeine in the drinking water (0.1, 0.3g/l) for 8 days also inhibits the action of acetaminophen. ⋯ Caffeine reversal of acetaminophen results from actions in the spinal cord, as intrathecal DPCPX 10 nmol inhibited antinociception by systemic acetaminophen; this was also observed in +/+ but not in -/- adenosine A(1) receptor mice. We propose that spinal adenosine A(1) receptors contribute to the action of acetaminophen secondarily to involvement of descending serotonin pathways and release of adenosine within the spinal cord. Inhibition of acetaminophen antinociception by doses of caffeine relevant to dietary human intake levels suggests a more detailed consideration of acetaminophen-caffeine interactions in humans is warranted.