Articles: amines.
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An increasing number of papers deal with immunological factors in headache syndromes such as migraine and cluster headache. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the factors that have been measured and to assess their reliability and relevance for the pathogenesis of these headaches. Most of the studies are handicapped by methodological problems, especially the different classifications of headaches, the lack of adequate controls and methodological problems with the measurement of certain immune parameters. ⋯ Although the immunological changes have been shown to be valid, their pathogenesis in these headaches is unclear. With the increasing recognition of the existence of a neuroimmunologic network, alterations in each system should always be considered to be associated with changes in an other. Acute or chronic pain seems to trigger immunological abnormalities.
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Behavioural pharmacology · Feb 1993
Generalization of behavioral history across responses in the reversal of the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on the punished behavior of squirrel monkeys.
Previous research has demonstrated that the effects of d-amphetamine on punished lever pressing of squirrel monkeys are modified by an avoidance history in which lever pressing postpones shock. In the present experiment generalization of behavioral history across responses was assessed by determining the effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on punished lever pressing of squirrel monkeys before and after exposure to an avoidance procedure in which a chain-pulling response postponed shock. The punishment schedule consisted of a fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food delivery in which every 30 lever presses produced a 5-mA electric shock. ⋯ This experiment demonstrates that avoidance-dependent upward shifts in the dose-response curves of d-amphetamine and cocaine can occur when the punishment and avoidance responses differ, and that original effects can be partially restored when both responses are available simultaneously. The results suggest that generalization across responses of the effects of a critical behavioral history may be a general property of behavioral history phenomena within behavioral pharmacology. These findings underscore the generality and importance of behavioral history as a modulatory influence on the effects of abused drugs.
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Journal of anesthesia · Jan 1993
Sustained effects of plasma norepinephrine levels on femoral-radial pressure gradient after cardiopulmonary bypass.
In order to determine the influence of the sympathetic nervous system upon the femoral-radial artery pressure gradient after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), we examined plasma norepinephrine levels in 34 adult male patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Cardiovascular parameters, including systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), hemoglobin (Hb) and peak dP/dt of radial and femoral artery pressures were measured after sternotomy, and immediately after the discontinuation of CPB and 90 min after CPB. Plasma norepinephrine levels were measured after sternotomy, after aortic declamping and 90 min after CPB. ⋯ Although there was no significant difference in Hb or PAP of 90 min after CPB in Groups A and B, the following values, listed in the order of A to B, were obtained; CI, 2.79 +/- 0.10 versus 3.46 +/- 0.16 l.min(-1).m(-2) (P < 0.01); mean radial artery pressure (MRP), 58.7 +/- 2.4 versus 65.1 +/- 1.8 mmHg (P < 0.05); peak dP/dt of radial artery pressure, 568 +/- 64 versus 1026 +/- 61 mmHg.sec(-1) (P < 0.001); and plasma norepinephrine concentration, 1.81 +/- 0.25 versus 0.98 +/- 0.10 ng.ml(-1) (P < 0.01), which were statistically significant. The higher femoral-radial artery pressure gradient after CPB was observed in patients with both a longer CPB time and a higher plasma norepinephrine concentration. These results suggest that a marked constriction of peripheral arteries might have produced a damped transmission of the pressure pulse to the radial artery.
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Journal of anesthesia · Oct 1992
Blood pressure, heart rate and catecholamine response during fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation under general anesthesia.
Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate were recorded at one-minute intervals during several stages of intubation in the fiberscope group and the laryngoscope group, to determine if fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation would result in fewer hemodynamic and catecholamine responses than when intubation was performed with a Macintosh laryngoscope. Blood samples were also taken to measure plasma catecholamine concentration immediately after intubation with the fiberscope. The mean ABP in the laryngoscope group was slightly greater than that of the fiberscope group for 4 min after intubation. ⋯ Other cardiovascular complications were more common in the laryngoscope group than in the fiberscope group. These results suggest that fiberoptic intubation results in less severe stress than does laryngoscopic intubation. Fiberoptic intubation should therefore be used not only in patients with difficult airway, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, or cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, but also it is recommended for all patients for whom nasotracheal intubation is indicated.