• Thomas Deffieux, Charlie Demené, and Mickael Tanter.
• Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS UMR 8063, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France. Electronic address: Thomas.deffieux@espci.fr.
• Neuroscience. 2021 Oct 15; 474: 110-121.

AbstractUltrasound sensitivity to slow blood flow motion gained two orders of magnitude in the last decade thanks to the advent of ultrafast ultrasound imaging at thousands of frames per second. In neuroscience, this access to small cerebral vessels flow led to the introduction of ultrasound as a new and full-fledged neuroimaging modality. Much as functional MRI or functional optical imaging, functional Ultrasound (fUS) takes benefit of the neurovascular coupling. Its ease of use, portability, spatial and temporal resolution makes it an attractive tool for functional imaging of brain activity in preclinical imaging. A large and fast-growing number of studies in a wide variety of small to large animal models have demonstrated its potential for neuroscience research. Beyond preclinical imaging, first proof of concept applications in humans are promising and proved a clear clinical interest in particular in human neonates, per-operative surgery, or even for the development of non-invasive brain machine interfaces.Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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