• Antonella Tramacere, Kazuhiro Wada, Kazuo Okanoya, Atsushi Iriki, and Pier F Ferrari.
• Max Planck for the Science of Human History, DLCE Department, Jena, Kahlaische Str 10, 07745, Germany. Electronic address: tramacere@shh.mpg.de.
• Neuroscience. 2019 Jun 15; 409: 222-234.

AbstractSongbirds possess mirror neurons (MNs) activating during the perception and execution of specific features of songs. These neurons are located in high vocal center (HVC), a premotor nucleus implicated in song perception, production and learning, making worth to inquire their properties and functions in vocal recognition and imitative learning. By integrating a body of brain and behavioral data, we discuss neurophysiology, anatomical, computational properties and possible functions of songbird MNs. We state that the neurophysiological properties of songbird MNs depends on sensorimotor regions that are outside the auditory neural system. Interestingly, songbirds MNs can be the result of the specific type of song representation possessed by some songbird species. At the functional level, we discuss whether songbird MNs are involved in others' song recognition, by dissecting the function of recognition in various different but possible overlapping processes: action-oriented perception, discriminative-oriented perception and identification of the signaler. We conclude that songbird MNs may be involved in recognizing other singer's vocalizations, while their role in imitative learning still require to solve how auditory feedback are used to correct own vocal performance to match the tutor song. Finally, we compare songbird and human mirror responses, hypothesizing a case of convergent evolution, and proposing new experimental directions.Copyright © 2019 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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