Medicina clinica
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Over the last few decades, the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has emerged as a new epidemic and become a health issue due to its involvement in several cancers affecting the cervix, the anogenital region and the oropharynx. In this review, we aim to understand and explain the distinctive features of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma based on its epidemiological data, risk factors, specific topography, HPV subtypes most frequently involved, HPV-status diagnosis, clinical behaviour, prognosis, treatment, and preventive measures. In addition, the relationship of HPV with the development of other head and neck carcinomas and benign lesions of the oral cavity will also be discussed.
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Bronchogenic carcinoma is the leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Nearly 75% of patients have a disseminated carcinoma at diagnosis. ⋯ Nevertheless, the current scientific evidence has demonstrated that when the metastatic disease is limited, particularly in specific locations such as the brain and the adrenal glands, a multidisciplinary approach with radical intent could achieve a longer survival. This review analyses the clinical evidence available in the literature that supports the treatment of both the primary and the metastatic disease, as well as the preoperative study and the most widely accepted indications.
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Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that requires urgent antiepileptic therapies, and a rapid treatment of its cause. In recent years, its definition has been updated to adapt it to all types of SE; this update helps to standardise the treatment. ⋯ The application of the different lines of treatment raises still unanswered questions, since the prognosis also depends on the aetiology, age and duration. For this reason, different prognostic scales are being developed to help us to assess its evolution and in turn, adapt the aggressiveness of the treatment to each patient.
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A literature review has been carried out to analyse the clinical burden, the economic impact of influenza and the efficiency of influenza vaccination programmes in Spain. The average incidence rate of influenza in Spain is 2,069 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a significant impact on mortality and a reduction of health-related quality of life. ⋯ Vaccination is an efficient measure for its prevention and can generate savings for the healthcare system. In conclusion, influenza is a significant health problem which generates a major economic and clinical burden annually; the profiling and measurement of which must be improved.