Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry
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J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. · Jan 2025
ReviewFunctional pathology of neuroleptic-induced dystonia based on the striatal striosome-matrix dopamine system in humans.
Neuroleptic-induced dystonia is a source of great concern in clinical practice because of its iatrogenic nature which can potentially lead to life-threatening conditions. Since all neuroleptics (antipsychotics) share the ability to block the dopamine D2-type receptors (D2Rs) that are highly enriched in the striatum, this drug-induced dystonia is thought to be caused by decreased striatal D2R activity. However, how associations of striatal D2R inactivation with dystonia are formed remains elusive. ⋯ The article proposes a functional pathology of the striosome-matrix dopamine system for neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia or neuroleptic-withdrawal dystonia. A rationale for the effectiveness of dopaminergic or cholinergic pharmacotherapy is also provided for treating dystonias. This narrative review covers various aspects of the relevant field and provides a detailed discussion of the mechanisms of neuroleptic-induced dystonia.
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J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. · Jan 2025
Distinct plasma lipids predict axonal injury and multiple sclerosis activity.
Lipids are of particular interest for the study of neuroinjury and neuroinflammation as structural lipids are major components of myelin, and a variety of lipid species modulate inflammation. In this study, we performed an in-depth lipidomics analysis to identify lipids associated with injury and disease activity. ⋯ There are two categories of lipids associated with MS processes. First, structural lipids strongly associated with NfL levels may result from cell lysis secondary to acute inflammation. In contrast, PUFAs, especially ω-3, had a protective effect on subsequent disease activity.
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J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. · Jan 2025
Meta AnalysisDirectional deep brain stimulation electrodes in Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature.
Since their introduction in 2015, directional leads have practically replaced conventional leads for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Yet, the benefits of directional DBS (dDBS) over omnidirectional DBS (oDBS) remain unclear. This meta-analysis and systematic review compares the literature on dDBS and oDBS for PD. ⋯ CRD42023438056.
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J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. · Jan 2025
Identification of a pathogenic mutation in ARPP21 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Between 5% and 10% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases have a family history of the disease, 30% of which do not have an identifiable underlying genetic cause after a comprehensive study of the known ALS-related genes. Based on a significantly increased incidence of ALS in a small geographical region from Spain, the aim of this work was to identify novel ALS-related genes in ALS cases with negative genetic testing. ⋯ While previous studies have dismissed a causal role of ARPP21 in ALS, our results strongly support ARPP21 as a novel ALS-causing gene.