Articles: brain.
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Chinese medical journal · Jan 2025
ReviewBrain Injury Biomarkers and Applications in Neurological Diseases.
Neurological diseases are a major health concern, and brain injury is a typical pathological process in various neurological disorders. Different biomarkers in the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid are associated with specific physiological and pathological processes. ⋯ We aimed to summarize the applications of these biomarkers and their related interests and limits in the diagnosis and prognosis for neurological diseases, including traumatic brain injury, status epilepticus, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and infection. In addition, a reasonable outlook for brain injury biomarkers as ideal detection tools for neurological diseases is presented.
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Meta Analysis
Optimal Timing of Microsurgical Treatment for Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
The timing of microsurgical treatment (MST) for ruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) is a contentious issue in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the impact of MST timing on outcomes in patients with ruptured bAVMs, considering MST with and without preoperative endovascular treatment (EVT). ⋯ This meta-analysis suggests that delayed surgical intervention beyond 48 hours may be associated with improved favorable outcomes in patients who underwent MST with and without preoperative EVT for ruptured bAVMs.
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Multiple sclerosis-related cognitive impairment (MSrCI) affects most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), significantly contributing to disability and socioeconomic challenges. MSrCI manifests across all disease stages, mainly impacting working memory, information processing, and attention. To date, the underlying mechanisms of MSrCI remain unclear, with its pathogenesis considered multifactorial. ⋯ Key findings ifrom rs-fMRI studies reveal disruptions in brain connectivity and hub integration, leading to CI due to decreased network efficiency. tb-fMRI studies highlight abnormal brain activation patterns in pwMS, with evidence of increased fMRI activity in earlier disease stages as a beneficial compensatory response, followed by reduced activation correlating with increased lesion burden and cognitive decline as the disease progresses. This suggests a gradual exhaustion of compensatory mechanisms over time. These findings support fMRI not only as a diagnostic tool for MSrCI but also as a potential imaging biomarker to improve our understanding of disease progression.
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The maintenance of cognitive function is essential for quality of life and health outcomes in later years. Cognitive impairment, however, remains an undervalued long-term complication of type 2 diabetes by patients and providers alike. The burden of sustained hyperglycemia includes not only cognitive deficits but also the onset and progression of dementia-related conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). ⋯ These efficacious treatments create a new gold standard of managing hyperglycemia-one which is consistent with the "complication-centric prescribing" mandates issued in type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines. The increasing longevity enjoyed by our populace places the onus on clinical care to play the "long game" in using targeted treatments for glucose control in patients with, or at risk for, cognitive decline to maintain cognitive wellness later in life. This article reviews critical emerging data for scientists and trialists and translates new enhancements in patient care for practitioners.
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Review
Nanostructured photonics Probes: A transformative approach in neurotherapeutics and brain circuitry.
Neuroprobes that use nanostructured photonic interfaces are capable of multimodal sensing, stimulation, and imaging with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. In addition to electrical recording, optogenetic modulation, high-resolution optical imaging, and molecular sensing, these advanced probes combine nanophotonic waveguides, optical transducers, nanostructured electrodes, and biochemical sensors. ⋯ In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of photonics in neural probes, trends in electrode diameter for neural interface technologies, nanophotonic technologies using nanostructured materials, advances in nanofabrication photonics interface engineering, and challenges and opportunities. Finally, interdisciplinary efforts are required to unlock the transformative potential of next-generation neuroscience therapies.